1 00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:06,910 Shipping is a global industry 2 00:00:06,910 --> 00:00:09,830 that quite literally propels our economy. 3 00:00:09,830 --> 00:00:10,660 It carries about 90% 4 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,510 of the world's trade worth $13 trillion. 5 00:00:13,510 --> 00:00:15,990 Close to 2 billion tons 6 00:00:15,990 --> 00:00:18,400 of manufactured goods, raw materials, 7 00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:22,110 and produce are shipped across the high seas every year. 8 00:00:22,110 --> 00:00:24,410 There are approximately 100,000 ships 9 00:00:24,410 --> 00:00:25,920 in active service in the world. 10 00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:29,230 Kept afloat by more than a million seafarers 11 00:00:29,230 --> 00:00:31,490 manning a massive merchant fleet. 12 00:00:31,490 --> 00:00:34,290 These things are huge, the size of four football pitches. 13 00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:36,900 Cargo carriers, tankers, 14 00:00:36,900 --> 00:00:39,540 and most significant, containers ships ply 15 00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:41,420 the ocean's invisible highways, 16 00:00:42,450 --> 00:00:45,910 delivering 90% of everything we consume. 17 00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:48,950 The majority of the global trade is shipped at some point. 18 00:00:48,950 --> 00:00:53,630 Owned by tycoons, ravaged by typhoons, 19 00:00:53,630 --> 00:00:56,030 plagued by piracy and plunder. 20 00:00:56,030 --> 00:00:58,580 People working in very dangerous conditions. 21 00:00:58,580 --> 00:01:02,920 This is the story of a remarkable industry 22 00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:05,930 that can no longer slip under the radar. 23 00:01:05,930 --> 00:01:06,760 (upbeat music) 24 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:07,590 (water splashing) 25 00:01:07,590 --> 00:01:08,930 "Shipping the World." 26 00:01:13,190 --> 00:01:14,380 (wind howling) 27 00:01:14,380 --> 00:01:17,220 (thunder roaring) 28 00:01:19,190 --> 00:01:20,330 (upbeat music) 29 00:01:20,330 --> 00:01:22,340 [Narrator] The primary workplace 30 00:01:22,340 --> 00:01:24,630 for the commercial shipping industry 31 00:01:24,630 --> 00:01:26,920 is fairly evenly split. 32 00:01:28,320 --> 00:01:31,210 One and a half million employees spend 33 00:01:31,210 --> 00:01:33,800 their days toiling on the open ocean, 34 00:01:35,890 --> 00:01:38,240 while 2 million labor on land. 35 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:40,820 (upbeat music) 36 00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:46,120 It's a vital part of maritime 37 00:01:46,120 --> 00:01:48,200 and sustainable development overall. 38 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:51,460 At sea you have captains, 39 00:01:51,460 --> 00:01:53,180 engineers, 40 00:01:53,180 --> 00:01:54,510 stewards, 41 00:01:54,510 --> 00:01:57,570 boatswains, and deckhands. 42 00:01:57,570 --> 00:02:00,540 (upbeat music) 43 00:02:00,540 --> 00:02:01,370 Portside, 44 00:02:01,370 --> 00:02:03,210 harbor masters, 45 00:02:03,210 --> 00:02:04,810 stevedores, 46 00:02:04,810 --> 00:02:06,340 marine pilots, 47 00:02:06,340 --> 00:02:10,760 traffic controllers, and all manner of white collar workers. 48 00:02:10,760 --> 00:02:12,550 (upbeat music) 49 00:02:12,550 --> 00:02:15,780 There are 100s of different jobs in the industry, 50 00:02:15,780 --> 00:02:18,070 and those who fill each role 51 00:02:18,070 --> 00:02:22,490 form the most cosmopolitan workforce in the world. 52 00:02:22,490 --> 00:02:26,270 Servicing 4,936 ports 53 00:02:26,270 --> 00:02:29,430 in 196 countries around the globe. 54 00:02:29,430 --> 00:02:32,010 (upbeat music) 55 00:02:35,450 --> 00:02:37,000 Not all ports equal. 56 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:39,520 Some ports are smaller than others in terms of 57 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:42,770 their ability to handle the actual volume of goods. 58 00:02:42,770 --> 00:02:44,570 But the key metric here is the draft of the port. 59 00:02:44,570 --> 00:02:47,910 The deeper the water alongside a dock 60 00:02:47,910 --> 00:02:51,150 that's designed to on and off load containers, 61 00:02:51,150 --> 00:02:53,680 the larger the vessel that can service. 62 00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:55,580 You have to have those large drafts 63 00:02:55,580 --> 00:02:57,980 to handle these large ships. 64 00:02:57,980 --> 00:03:01,040 (soft music) 65 00:03:01,040 --> 00:03:02,470 As containers ships 66 00:03:02,470 --> 00:03:04,580 have steadily increased in size 67 00:03:04,580 --> 00:03:07,610 the infrastructure servicing those vessels 68 00:03:07,610 --> 00:03:10,350 has naturally had to follow suit. 69 00:03:10,350 --> 00:03:12,870 Ships are not getting that much longer, 70 00:03:12,870 --> 00:03:14,740 but they are getting bigger 71 00:03:14,740 --> 00:03:17,390 to carry the additional capacity. 72 00:03:17,390 --> 00:03:19,590 So boats have to build cranes 73 00:03:19,590 --> 00:03:21,610 that are physically much bigger. 74 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:27,470 As the global population grows, 75 00:03:28,340 --> 00:03:30,490 so too does the volume of cargo 76 00:03:30,490 --> 00:03:32,680 that needs to be shipped around the planet. 77 00:03:33,950 --> 00:03:37,810 So no great surprise that China now has seven 78 00:03:37,810 --> 00:03:40,500 of the 10 largest ports in the world. 79 00:03:40,500 --> 00:03:42,590 The busiest world port is Shanghai 80 00:03:42,590 --> 00:03:46,660 in 2018, handled 42 million TEU 81 00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:48,450 To put that in perspective, 82 00:03:48,450 --> 00:03:50,640 Australia has 106 ports 83 00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:54,170 that collectively handle around 8 million containers a year. 84 00:03:54,170 --> 00:03:57,820 Moving around $850 million worth of trade 85 00:03:57,820 --> 00:03:59,360 every day. 86 00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:03,090 The value of trade in and out of Shanghai alone 87 00:04:03,090 --> 00:04:05,920 exceeds $1 trillion a year. 88 00:04:05,920 --> 00:04:08,070 That's five times the whole of Australia. 89 00:04:09,330 --> 00:04:13,280 It is a mega port in every sense of the word. 90 00:04:20,140 --> 00:04:23,530 For as long as ships have sailed the high seas, 91 00:04:23,530 --> 00:04:26,800 they have been bustling docks and keys 92 00:04:26,800 --> 00:04:29,640 places where merchant vessels could discharge 93 00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:33,090 or load cargo destined for distance shores. 94 00:04:39,010 --> 00:04:43,360 In the earliest of times ports were located on riverbanks 95 00:04:43,360 --> 00:04:48,360 or in bays where conditions were invariably calm. 96 00:04:48,540 --> 00:04:51,620 But occasionally the ancients constructed artificial harbor 97 00:04:51,620 --> 00:04:53,720 is to facilitate maritime trade. 98 00:04:58,980 --> 00:05:01,360 Portis on the Tyrrhenian coast, 99 00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:03,850 was reputably one of the largest 100 00:05:03,850 --> 00:05:06,340 commissioned around 46 A.D. 101 00:05:06,340 --> 00:05:08,320 to supplement the sea port of Ostia. 102 00:05:09,590 --> 00:05:13,090 (upbeat music) 103 00:05:13,090 --> 00:05:17,910 Portus functioned as a maritime hub for nearly 500 years 104 00:05:17,910 --> 00:05:19,990 and is considered by many historians to be one 105 00:05:19,990 --> 00:05:23,110 of the Roman empire's greatest engineering achievements. 106 00:05:24,850 --> 00:05:27,930 Because it was so vital to the whole way 107 00:05:27,930 --> 00:05:30,230 that the Roman empire was organized 108 00:05:30,230 --> 00:05:33,610 is about the connection within the empire, 109 00:05:33,610 --> 00:05:37,060 but also externally to places beyond. 110 00:05:39,330 --> 00:05:42,230 It was located north of the mouth 111 00:05:42,230 --> 00:05:43,400 of the Tiber river, 112 00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:45,430 29 kilometers from Ostia. 113 00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:48,920 As the ships got bigger and bigger 114 00:05:48,920 --> 00:05:53,270 and actually the port to Ostia began to infill with sediment 115 00:05:53,270 --> 00:05:57,250 that was being transported out of the Tiger river itself. 116 00:05:57,250 --> 00:05:59,950 That became a need for a greater port, 117 00:05:59,950 --> 00:06:02,400 something maybe a little bit further away. 118 00:06:04,760 --> 00:06:07,970 They connected it to Ostia via a canal, 119 00:06:07,970 --> 00:06:09,550 and they also connected it 120 00:06:09,550 --> 00:06:12,200 to the river Tiber itself via a canal as well. 121 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:15,890 So you could have that connection between Rome 122 00:06:15,890 --> 00:06:17,350 and the river system 123 00:06:17,350 --> 00:06:20,800 and also with the sea for the big ships coming in as well. 124 00:06:25,110 --> 00:06:27,660 Although Portus no longer exists 125 00:06:27,660 --> 00:06:29,580 archeologists well-versed 126 00:06:29,580 --> 00:06:31,820 in the use of geophysical mapping tools 127 00:06:31,820 --> 00:06:32,940 and computer modeling 128 00:06:34,170 --> 00:06:36,370 have been able to determine his proportions. 129 00:06:40,890 --> 00:06:44,490 Following an expansion in 103 A.D. 130 00:06:44,490 --> 00:06:47,070 they believe the artificial harbor covered 131 00:06:47,070 --> 00:06:51,200 an area more than 100 times the size of a sports field. 132 00:06:52,860 --> 00:06:56,980 It could host as many as 350 ships at a time 133 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:01,590 and included a hexagonal basin surrounded 134 00:07:01,590 --> 00:07:04,560 by great column warehouses and a palace. 135 00:07:06,100 --> 00:07:08,920 It's not just about 136 00:07:08,920 --> 00:07:11,240 areas to bring your ship in, 137 00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:12,470 but it's all the infrastructure 138 00:07:12,470 --> 00:07:15,000 that goes with it at this point. 139 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:17,800 Warehouses and ship shares and granaries 140 00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:22,370 and imperial palazzo where the administration was done, 141 00:07:22,370 --> 00:07:24,970 when we look at the evidence 142 00:07:24,970 --> 00:07:27,800 for the organization of mooring 143 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:32,140 that happened in that Trajan basin, you have more inposts, 144 00:07:32,140 --> 00:07:35,250 more in rings and numbers and columns. 145 00:07:36,150 --> 00:07:38,740 It was a real administrative, 146 00:07:38,740 --> 00:07:41,530 big administrative duty. 147 00:07:41,530 --> 00:07:43,010 There's so many ships, 148 00:07:43,010 --> 00:07:45,350 you've got 100 of ships coming in at any time. 149 00:07:45,350 --> 00:07:50,350 And it's really not just an area to shelter the ships, 150 00:07:51,110 --> 00:07:54,230 there were military facilities as well, 151 00:07:54,230 --> 00:07:55,100 and 152 00:07:55,100 --> 00:07:58,040 really just huge, huge superstructure 153 00:07:58,040 --> 00:08:00,740 that was involved with this port. 154 00:08:05,450 --> 00:08:07,530 Archeologists we're also able 155 00:08:07,530 --> 00:08:09,460 to get a sense of the size of the ships 156 00:08:09,460 --> 00:08:11,880 that were being used at the time 157 00:08:11,880 --> 00:08:15,910 based on the draft our depth of the harbor. 158 00:08:15,910 --> 00:08:17,320 So you have the Trajan basin 159 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:21,070 around eight meters draught that could take really big ships 160 00:08:21,070 --> 00:08:22,600 that were coming in. 161 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:25,390 And then slightly smaller 162 00:08:25,390 --> 00:08:26,470 potentially so you don't have to 163 00:08:26,470 --> 00:08:28,690 draft going into the Trajan basin. 164 00:08:28,690 --> 00:08:31,450 And then traded goods and materials, ceramics, 165 00:08:31,450 --> 00:08:35,350 the grain would be offloaded into the stores 166 00:08:35,350 --> 00:08:37,980 might be uploaded onto smaller ships, 167 00:08:37,980 --> 00:08:41,050 which could then travel through the canals to Austria 168 00:08:41,050 --> 00:08:43,010 or up into Rome itself. 169 00:08:47,140 --> 00:08:50,710 Because of the sediment coming up out of the Tiber 170 00:08:50,710 --> 00:08:54,080 and going north of that Italian coast, 171 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:56,860 Portus is now three kilometers in shore. 172 00:08:56,860 --> 00:08:59,580 And what's really fascinating is that 173 00:08:59,580 --> 00:09:03,360 it's no longer a seaport, but it's an airport. 174 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:05,980 Italy's largest in fact, 175 00:09:05,980 --> 00:09:08,230 the Leonardo de Vinci International. 176 00:09:09,490 --> 00:09:12,500 It's look like these places which were selected 177 00:09:12,500 --> 00:09:17,300 for being centers of connectivity in the ancient past 178 00:09:17,300 --> 00:09:19,340 are still the same importance 179 00:09:19,340 --> 00:09:21,830 as still sense of connectivity today. 180 00:09:22,810 --> 00:09:26,060 Still have where people coming in and going out. 181 00:09:26,060 --> 00:09:28,950 Is still the main port the main hub for Rome. 182 00:09:32,490 --> 00:09:34,620 Even though this remarkable site 183 00:09:34,620 --> 00:09:38,420 is now serviced by 747 and A380s 184 00:09:38,420 --> 00:09:41,930 it retains a great deal of his cosmopolitan charisma, 185 00:09:41,930 --> 00:09:46,250 but little evidence of his once quite seedy periphery. 186 00:09:48,540 --> 00:09:50,770 And it really is the stars and modern ports. 187 00:09:50,770 --> 00:09:55,020 And it's really interesting because these areas are both 188 00:09:55,020 --> 00:09:59,440 integral to society, but they're also slightly liminal. 189 00:10:11,240 --> 00:10:13,910 (upbeat music) 190 00:10:14,870 --> 00:10:17,440 You still look at port cities today 191 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:21,170 and you get the slightly fringe areas around the port 192 00:10:21,170 --> 00:10:24,600 is often the areas where you have prostitution 193 00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:26,210 or gambling and things like that. 194 00:10:26,210 --> 00:10:30,600 Things which has seemed to be outside the norms of society. 195 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:33,200 You often find them around port cities 196 00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:34,510 in the areas of the port. 197 00:10:38,830 --> 00:10:42,190 It is essentially a very lonely life at sea, 198 00:10:43,210 --> 00:10:45,980 despite all the tales of grand adventure and romance. 199 00:10:47,680 --> 00:10:50,400 So little wonder ports act as magnets 200 00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:52,770 for the world's oldest profession. 201 00:10:54,640 --> 00:10:57,350 Providing seafarers on surely 202 00:10:57,350 --> 00:11:00,860 with merit opportunities to alleviate home sickness 203 00:11:00,860 --> 00:11:01,840 and desire. 204 00:11:04,980 --> 00:11:08,080 A major trading harbor since the middle ages, 205 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:12,200 Amsterdam makes no secret of his salacious port history, 206 00:11:12,200 --> 00:11:14,250 complete with hookers and hashish. 207 00:11:15,940 --> 00:11:19,420 Indeed it openly flaunts it to this day. 208 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:28,310 (upbeat music) 209 00:11:28,310 --> 00:11:31,680 As globalization continues to expand 210 00:11:31,680 --> 00:11:34,460 the importance of ports intensifies. 211 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,220 You look at so many major cities around 212 00:11:38,220 --> 00:11:40,650 the world, they're port cities. 213 00:11:40,650 --> 00:11:44,520 They're the place where trade has grown up historically, 214 00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:46,550 and they're the place where wealth 215 00:11:46,550 --> 00:11:49,360 and economic activity is carried out. 216 00:11:49,360 --> 00:11:51,810 The Red Light District of Amsterdam 217 00:11:51,810 --> 00:11:55,880 with this cannabis cafes and ruffels contributes $3 billion 218 00:11:55,880 --> 00:11:58,320 to the national economy every year. 219 00:11:59,940 --> 00:12:02,700 Exports from the modern port that now engulfs 220 00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:04,120 the old city canals, 221 00:12:05,100 --> 00:12:07,690 bring in 460 billion. 222 00:12:19,070 --> 00:12:21,060 Modern ports have become fast 223 00:12:21,060 --> 00:12:23,530 and foremost logistical linchpins 224 00:12:23,530 --> 00:12:26,000 that keep the whole shipping industry on track. 225 00:12:27,420 --> 00:12:30,830 And of course the business of trade in motion. 226 00:12:33,280 --> 00:12:35,410 So port is the maritime hub, 227 00:12:35,410 --> 00:12:38,300 of which you load goods for global trade time. 228 00:12:38,300 --> 00:12:40,810 And this is the bit where the ship interfaces 229 00:12:40,810 --> 00:12:44,830 with the manufacturing hubs of the world. 230 00:12:48,010 --> 00:12:51,890 It's a place where you have specialized facilities 231 00:12:51,890 --> 00:12:55,720 to safely more ships and enable the cargo and people 232 00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:59,080 to be moved on and off in an efficient manner. 233 00:12:59,940 --> 00:13:02,520 (upbeat music) 234 00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:06,690 All ports are essentially places 235 00:13:06,690 --> 00:13:08,430 where international production 236 00:13:08,430 --> 00:13:11,660 and global distribution networks connect, 237 00:13:11,660 --> 00:13:14,130 but how they function depends largely 238 00:13:14,130 --> 00:13:15,770 on the nature of their cargo. 239 00:13:15,770 --> 00:13:18,010 There is no one size fits all policy. 240 00:13:19,070 --> 00:13:20,790 Well, there's all sorts of ports. 241 00:13:20,790 --> 00:13:22,700 There are container ports, 242 00:13:22,700 --> 00:13:24,860 there ports that handle the dry bulk cargos 243 00:13:24,860 --> 00:13:27,220 like iron ore and coal and grain 244 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:29,640 and of course an (mumbles) 245 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:32,010 like crude oil and chemicals, 246 00:13:32,870 --> 00:13:35,370 but there are also passenger ports, small ports, 247 00:13:35,370 --> 00:13:39,550 large ports, many ports combine all of those activities, 248 00:13:39,550 --> 00:13:42,510 the right having facilities all sorts of different cargoes 249 00:13:42,510 --> 00:13:43,800 and passengers as well. 250 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:48,760 So there's a huge spectrum of ports. 251 00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:53,810 If you look at the design of a container terminal, 252 00:13:53,810 --> 00:13:56,460 you'll find you know it's got two interfaces, 253 00:13:56,460 --> 00:13:58,930 There is a key sight area where the board interacts 254 00:13:58,930 --> 00:13:59,830 with the ship 255 00:13:59,830 --> 00:14:01,550 and it'll have the equipment 256 00:14:01,550 --> 00:14:04,330 which will be designed to minimize the time 257 00:14:04,330 --> 00:14:07,880 that the ship spends in port. 258 00:14:07,880 --> 00:14:10,850 On the other side, it also has the hinterland operation area 259 00:14:10,850 --> 00:14:13,250 where it will be interacting with trains 260 00:14:13,250 --> 00:14:15,550 and trucks and large operators and the like. 261 00:14:15,550 --> 00:14:18,340 And somewhere in the middle would be the cargo 262 00:14:18,340 --> 00:14:21,410 that is stored because effectively these days, 263 00:14:21,410 --> 00:14:25,360 ports decouple the ship side operation 264 00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:27,070 with the land side operation 265 00:14:27,070 --> 00:14:28,730 so that you know one operation 266 00:14:28,730 --> 00:14:31,590 is not held up by say to delay that hookers 267 00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:32,790 on the other side. 268 00:14:35,390 --> 00:14:37,400 There is a complicated supply chain 269 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:39,850 distribution pattern behind every single port. 270 00:14:39,850 --> 00:14:43,230 And the success of report is not just dependent 271 00:14:43,230 --> 00:14:45,930 on its ability to handle ships, 272 00:14:45,930 --> 00:14:48,080 but also its ability to handle 273 00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:49,910 the landside movement of the cargo. 274 00:14:52,660 --> 00:14:55,360 In the past, ports dominated the center 275 00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:58,880 of cities or other cities grew up around their ports. 276 00:15:00,290 --> 00:15:01,690 In many cases, historically, 277 00:15:01,690 --> 00:15:04,120 they are the reason why the city exists. 278 00:15:05,050 --> 00:15:07,640 (soft music) 279 00:15:10,280 --> 00:15:13,340 You see traditional port cities like Hamburg, Rotterdam, 280 00:15:13,340 --> 00:15:17,190 where the ports are an integral part of the city, 281 00:15:17,190 --> 00:15:19,720 you can't miss it, it's there for everybody to see. 282 00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:21,610 And they continue to be part 283 00:15:21,610 --> 00:15:23,410 of the lifeblood of those cities. 284 00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:27,290 The newer the port however, 285 00:15:27,290 --> 00:15:29,950 the more likely it is to be located well away 286 00:15:29,950 --> 00:15:31,890 from the CBD in suburbs. 287 00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:35,650 It has changed to some extent these days 288 00:15:35,650 --> 00:15:38,930 because of the growth in ship size, 289 00:15:38,930 --> 00:15:42,320 which has meant that the facilities for handling ships 290 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:45,540 in many of the older traditional ports have had 291 00:15:45,540 --> 00:15:48,480 to migrate downstream towards deeper water. 292 00:15:49,470 --> 00:15:53,300 There has been a kind of dissociation between port activity 293 00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:57,650 and the city in many cases in traditional port cities. 294 00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:03,690 You look at Jebel Ali and Dubai, 295 00:16:03,690 --> 00:16:07,080 the whole of the city effectively has been designed 296 00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:09,470 in different zones and the port 297 00:16:09,470 --> 00:16:10,840 was very specifically designed 298 00:16:10,840 --> 00:16:14,930 to be out of town and is, you know, some way out of Dubai, 299 00:16:14,930 --> 00:16:18,110 but it's still very much at the epicenter of their economy. 300 00:16:20,730 --> 00:16:23,510 As trade grows the economic fortunes 301 00:16:23,510 --> 00:16:27,290 of poor cities such as Dubai expand 302 00:16:27,290 --> 00:16:29,200 new jobs are created, 303 00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:31,860 living standards rise. 304 00:16:31,860 --> 00:16:33,440 But if trade slows 305 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:35,640 the economy invariably contracts, 306 00:16:36,490 --> 00:16:40,110 it is often difficult to tell which comes first, 307 00:16:40,110 --> 00:16:44,350 a sluggish economy or a downturn in trade. 308 00:16:44,350 --> 00:16:46,850 It's a bit like the chicken and the egg. 309 00:16:49,150 --> 00:16:54,150 But either way in this industry, the end result is the same. 310 00:16:54,210 --> 00:16:57,570 Your best laid plans for expansion gets scrambled. 311 00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:04,940 In 2016, lower oil prices affected economic growth 312 00:17:04,940 --> 00:17:06,170 in the Middle East, 313 00:17:07,050 --> 00:17:10,240 forcing the delay of a $1.6 billion upgrade 314 00:17:10,240 --> 00:17:12,790 that would have allowed the port of Jebel Ali 315 00:17:12,790 --> 00:17:14,830 to handle far more cargo. 316 00:17:17,550 --> 00:17:20,300 A move that would have helped to stimulate the economy. 317 00:17:28,110 --> 00:17:30,770 Dubai sits at the crossroads of Eastern 318 00:17:30,770 --> 00:17:32,680 and Western shipping routes. 319 00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:36,550 So Jebel Ali functions as a gateway port for the region 320 00:17:36,550 --> 00:17:38,540 and a major transshipment hub. 321 00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:42,970 Many of the goods and containers that come in 322 00:17:42,970 --> 00:17:45,570 are destined for local consumption. 323 00:17:45,570 --> 00:17:48,490 But most boxes are uploaded onto other ships 324 00:17:48,490 --> 00:17:52,100 that will ultimately carry that cargo on to other ports. 325 00:17:54,700 --> 00:17:56,430 So if you want an analogy for it, 326 00:17:56,430 --> 00:17:58,390 it's like getting on the train 327 00:17:58,390 --> 00:18:00,660 and wanting to go from A to B 328 00:18:00,660 --> 00:18:02,890 but you change a midpoint because you have to get 329 00:18:02,890 --> 00:18:04,670 on another line to get to where you're going to go. 330 00:18:11,260 --> 00:18:13,360 Efficiency is the name of the game 331 00:18:13,360 --> 00:18:15,140 and trends shipment hubs, 332 00:18:15,140 --> 00:18:18,090 and delays the bane of their existence. 333 00:18:21,570 --> 00:18:22,700 Transshipment hubs have 334 00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:24,480 to be minimal deviation 335 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:25,970 from the main trade routes. 336 00:18:25,970 --> 00:18:27,730 They have to offer deep water 337 00:18:27,730 --> 00:18:30,490 and they have to offer high levels of productivity 338 00:18:30,490 --> 00:18:32,870 and efficiency because they're handling 339 00:18:32,870 --> 00:18:34,880 so many more services. 340 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:37,460 And the connection between them is critical 341 00:18:37,460 --> 00:18:39,680 to keep the surfaces on schedule. 342 00:18:44,810 --> 00:18:45,650 All the major container ports 343 00:18:45,650 --> 00:18:46,480 operate 24 hours a day, 344 00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:49,830 certainly in terms of ship handling 345 00:18:49,830 --> 00:18:52,830 in terms of truck handling on the land side, 346 00:18:52,830 --> 00:18:56,540 is usually more of a long day, Monday to Friday 347 00:18:56,540 --> 00:18:58,490 because that fits in with the nature 348 00:18:58,490 --> 00:19:01,670 of the ultimate deliveries to retail outlets 349 00:19:01,670 --> 00:19:03,600 and distribution centers. 350 00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:06,270 (upbeat music ) 351 00:19:16,590 --> 00:19:20,890 The more streamlined and automated the process, 352 00:19:20,890 --> 00:19:22,490 the more desirable the hub. 353 00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:30,470 An Interport competition has become 354 00:19:30,470 --> 00:19:32,030 just as fierce of battle 355 00:19:32,030 --> 00:19:35,440 as that wage between the shipping lines themselves, 356 00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:37,930 where everyone's struggling for the lion's share 357 00:19:37,930 --> 00:19:39,360 of the global business. 358 00:19:42,390 --> 00:19:45,270 10 Years ago, you'd be looking at Rotterdam 359 00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:48,540 or many of the European ports being the largest throughput 360 00:19:48,540 --> 00:19:50,370 of containers in the world. 361 00:19:50,370 --> 00:19:53,310 Now it is very dominated by China. 362 00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:57,300 Port authorities rest 363 00:19:57,300 --> 00:19:59,640 on their laurels at their peril. 364 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:01,730 If you don't handle the ship well, 365 00:20:01,730 --> 00:20:03,190 there's another port just down the coast 366 00:20:03,190 --> 00:20:04,890 that would love to do it. 367 00:20:04,890 --> 00:20:07,640 (upbeat music) 368 00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:12,590 The key ports dotted around the world today, 369 00:20:12,590 --> 00:20:14,870 are the ones that have moved with the times, 370 00:20:16,070 --> 00:20:17,530 expanding physically 371 00:20:17,530 --> 00:20:19,950 to accommodate the larger container ships 372 00:20:19,950 --> 00:20:22,730 and digitally to take care of logistics. 373 00:20:22,730 --> 00:20:25,290 Clearly they've developed the infrastructure 374 00:20:25,290 --> 00:20:27,970 in line with developments at sea. 375 00:20:27,970 --> 00:20:29,930 So the ports have got bigger. 376 00:20:29,930 --> 00:20:31,470 The berths have got deeper. 377 00:20:31,470 --> 00:20:34,550 The cranes have gotten bigger and more efficient. 378 00:20:34,550 --> 00:20:36,510 And the general running of the ports 379 00:20:36,510 --> 00:20:38,170 has got much, much more efficient 380 00:20:38,170 --> 00:20:41,070 in terms of turnaround times and so on to make sure 381 00:20:41,070 --> 00:20:43,730 that these vessels are kept in port 382 00:20:43,730 --> 00:20:45,870 for the least amount of time possible before 383 00:20:45,870 --> 00:20:47,470 they continue on their journeys. 384 00:20:50,610 --> 00:20:53,830 In the past, everything portside 385 00:20:53,830 --> 00:20:55,260 was done manually. 386 00:20:58,720 --> 00:21:00,660 The loading of the ship 387 00:21:00,660 --> 00:21:03,560 and the discharge of the import containers 388 00:21:03,560 --> 00:21:06,770 was controlled by what we call sequence sheets. 389 00:21:06,770 --> 00:21:09,710 These were actually a handwritten sheets of paper showing 390 00:21:09,710 --> 00:21:14,150 the stack position of the export container 391 00:21:14,150 --> 00:21:18,770 and the storage position in the ship where it was to go. 392 00:21:18,770 --> 00:21:22,910 Pre containerization shipping was very manual very slow. 393 00:21:22,910 --> 00:21:25,130 It didn't happen in the standardized way 394 00:21:25,130 --> 00:21:26,410 that you see it now. 395 00:21:26,410 --> 00:21:29,200 It was an expensive endeavor getting cargo 396 00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:30,680 on and off a ship at port. 397 00:21:32,190 --> 00:21:33,960 It's all computerized now. 398 00:21:35,070 --> 00:21:37,600 So you've got very, very little labor 399 00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:40,050 involved with the oven the bit today 400 00:21:40,050 --> 00:21:42,060 where it arrives in the wafe. 401 00:21:42,060 --> 00:21:43,310 That's all automatic 402 00:21:43,310 --> 00:21:45,920 now that not even man is driving a truck anymore. 403 00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:49,760 You know, so we've seen a hell of a change. 404 00:21:49,760 --> 00:21:51,140 and it's so fast now. 405 00:21:53,460 --> 00:21:56,050 Before the advent of containers, 406 00:21:56,970 --> 00:21:59,960 ports were set up to deal with breakable cargo. 407 00:21:59,960 --> 00:22:02,710 Breakable cargo of course, is the individual package. 408 00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:05,520 Breakable could be anything, 409 00:22:05,520 --> 00:22:09,250 boxes, crates, coffee, and sex basically anything 410 00:22:09,250 --> 00:22:12,090 that is not fitted into a container. 411 00:22:15,380 --> 00:22:18,160 Extortion and theft where rife. 412 00:22:19,860 --> 00:22:22,670 We had to pay the wolfies embarrassment money, 413 00:22:23,870 --> 00:22:25,780 an extra payment on top of their wages 414 00:22:25,780 --> 00:22:29,380 to handle toilet pens, 415 00:22:29,380 --> 00:22:31,550 to wrapped up in slack wooden boxes, 416 00:22:31,550 --> 00:22:34,550 but they still wanted embarrassment money for handling them. 417 00:22:36,260 --> 00:22:38,340 The unfortunate side about 418 00:22:38,340 --> 00:22:39,730 breakable cargo 419 00:22:39,730 --> 00:22:42,150 was that it was so prime to pilferage. 420 00:22:42,150 --> 00:22:44,830 Everybody stole a little bit, 421 00:22:44,830 --> 00:22:47,210 but by the time that you were finished 422 00:22:47,210 --> 00:22:49,990 a little bit plus a little bit, wasn't caught a lot. 423 00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:53,990 It's difficult to secure a cargo of whiskey. 424 00:22:53,990 --> 00:22:56,740 And it's one of the things that containerization 425 00:22:56,740 --> 00:23:00,010 really changed because when you put things into a container, 426 00:23:00,010 --> 00:23:03,010 you close the door and you lock it. 427 00:23:03,010 --> 00:23:06,000 Insurance costs fell by around 90% 428 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,600 because the whiskey bottles stayed within 429 00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,650 the container rather than being removed from boxes, 430 00:23:11,650 --> 00:23:13,770 somewhere along the supply chain. 431 00:23:17,120 --> 00:23:19,750 The staffing costs within ports 432 00:23:19,750 --> 00:23:22,860 pre-containerization were phenomenal, 433 00:23:22,860 --> 00:23:25,620 and the problem was it was a irregular 434 00:23:25,620 --> 00:23:29,160 because standardization brought in this efficiency. 435 00:23:29,160 --> 00:23:32,000 This economies of scale things could be speeded up. 436 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:35,990 Things could be regularized in terms of the operations. 437 00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:37,760 Prior to that, you didn't know what was coming 438 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:39,470 you didn't know how big it was going to be 439 00:23:39,470 --> 00:23:41,710 you didn't know how many people you're going to need. 440 00:23:41,710 --> 00:23:44,760 It was expensive, it was cumbersome, it was awkward. 441 00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:45,810 and it was very slow. 442 00:23:47,350 --> 00:23:50,320 The casual workforce in docks varied 443 00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:51,150 from country to country. 444 00:23:51,150 --> 00:23:54,010 Some places were more unionized than others, 445 00:23:54,010 --> 00:23:56,430 But it was essentially a casual system 446 00:23:56,430 --> 00:23:58,600 because the 447 00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:00,660 people that you needed each day 448 00:24:00,660 --> 00:24:02,490 didn't have to be particularly skilled. 449 00:24:02,490 --> 00:24:07,030 They just had to be fit and strong and willing to work. 450 00:24:07,030 --> 00:24:09,280 When the industry started to change 451 00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:11,210 and it became more sophisticated 452 00:24:11,210 --> 00:24:13,030 and the equipment became more expensive 453 00:24:13,030 --> 00:24:15,240 and the skills became higher, 454 00:24:15,240 --> 00:24:18,220 then port operators started to realize, well, 455 00:24:18,220 --> 00:24:19,950 we can't rely on casual people, 456 00:24:19,950 --> 00:24:23,310 we need loyal, regular, permanent people. 457 00:24:25,550 --> 00:24:28,320 The unions representing dock workers 458 00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:31,310 at the time feared that containerization 459 00:24:31,310 --> 00:24:33,630 would lead to job losses. 460 00:24:33,630 --> 00:24:36,300 A threat that they would not take passively. 461 00:24:38,640 --> 00:24:41,810 Through, a tremendous demarcation disputes. 462 00:24:42,770 --> 00:24:45,800 And once this demarcation dispute, everything stops. 463 00:24:51,060 --> 00:24:53,360 It was disputes and strikes 464 00:24:53,360 --> 00:24:55,870 it was a few ships went over to America were turned away by 465 00:24:55,870 --> 00:24:56,930 the longshoreman there. 466 00:24:56,930 --> 00:25:00,040 So the reach of the union movement is not national 467 00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:01,020 it's international. 468 00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:06,480 Striking has always been a powerful tool 469 00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:08,680 in the negotiations of work conditions on the docks. 470 00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:11,560 On behalf of you wishes 471 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,470 on behalf of the policy which came from the politics 472 00:25:14,470 --> 00:25:17,900 Loud and proud giving power to the people. 473 00:25:17,900 --> 00:25:20,230 (mumbles) 474 00:25:21,970 --> 00:25:23,790 Using the leverage 475 00:25:23,790 --> 00:25:26,300 of their indispensable skills to reach agreement 476 00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:29,130 with governing bodies and to get back to work 477 00:25:29,130 --> 00:25:30,510 and to keep trade flowing. 478 00:25:30,510 --> 00:25:33,320 We the strike committee are recommending 479 00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:35,350 all our men back to work as of (mumbles) 480 00:25:35,350 --> 00:25:37,500 tomorrow morning, Wednesday. 481 00:25:38,340 --> 00:25:41,620 Not all strikes have resolved so easily 482 00:25:41,620 --> 00:25:43,960 and unions have always been ready to fight for 483 00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:45,830 what they believe in. 484 00:25:45,830 --> 00:25:48,940 Over 83 days in 1934, 485 00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:52,220 more than 12,000 longshoreman on the west coast of the 486 00:25:52,220 --> 00:25:54,450 United States walked out of the ports 487 00:25:54,450 --> 00:25:56,870 to negotiate pay and working conditions. 488 00:25:58,570 --> 00:26:01,250 The tension reached it's peak on what became known 489 00:26:01,250 --> 00:26:02,360 as Bloody Thursday. 490 00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:05,570 In an attempt to reopen the port. 491 00:26:05,570 --> 00:26:08,500 Police attempted to disperse the crowd with tear gas 492 00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:10,450 and mounted officers. 493 00:26:10,450 --> 00:26:12,430 The strikers responded with rocks. 494 00:26:13,490 --> 00:26:16,810 The confrontation turned deadly when police fired shotguns 495 00:26:16,810 --> 00:26:19,090 and revolvers at violent strikers. 496 00:26:20,540 --> 00:26:21,910 Two men lost their lives. 497 00:26:30,150 --> 00:26:32,870 Containerization was a threat to jobs stability. 498 00:26:32,870 --> 00:26:35,770 However, dockers in London in 1972, 499 00:26:35,770 --> 00:26:37,170 weren't fighting against it. 500 00:26:38,510 --> 00:26:42,170 Dockers walked out in protest of how containerization 501 00:26:42,170 --> 00:26:45,060 was being implemented in actively negotiated 502 00:26:45,060 --> 00:26:47,770 for designated zones where organized labor 503 00:26:47,770 --> 00:26:49,510 would take on container handling. 504 00:26:57,060 --> 00:27:00,640 After refusing to stop picketing a container depot 505 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:02,610 five shop stewards were arrested 506 00:27:02,610 --> 00:27:06,080 and sent to the infamous Pentonville prison. 507 00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:10,180 The incarceration of the five saw 35,000 workers 508 00:27:10,180 --> 00:27:12,830 immediately walk off the job. 509 00:27:12,830 --> 00:27:15,160 The Pentonville five inspired a wave 510 00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:16,710 of increased strike action. 511 00:27:17,860 --> 00:27:20,870 And by the time they were released within the week, 512 00:27:20,870 --> 00:27:24,640 over 250,000 workers had walked off the job 513 00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:27,920 and the country was in an unofficial national strike. 514 00:27:33,060 --> 00:27:35,320 The release of Sharp Stewart is seen 515 00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:38,040 as a powerful example of the collective strength 516 00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:39,250 of the working class. 517 00:27:39,250 --> 00:27:40,160 ♪ Good fellow ♪ 518 00:27:40,160 --> 00:27:44,250 ♪ For they are jolly good fellow ♪ 519 00:27:51,740 --> 00:27:54,200 After the dust had settled, 520 00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:57,220 those who were prepared to adapt and up-skill 521 00:27:57,220 --> 00:27:59,810 found themselves more gainfully employed. 522 00:28:01,370 --> 00:28:05,490 The role of people working in ports has changed hugely 523 00:28:05,490 --> 00:28:08,990 and from even 30 years ago, 524 00:28:08,990 --> 00:28:12,340 when containerization was more in its infancy 525 00:28:12,340 --> 00:28:16,050 and being adopt worker was primarily about physical work, 526 00:28:16,050 --> 00:28:20,020 about lifting things with your hands or with hooks 527 00:28:20,020 --> 00:28:21,850 about moving cargo around 528 00:28:22,690 --> 00:28:25,060 and dragging stuff physically. 529 00:28:25,060 --> 00:28:27,750 Now, of course, we have containerization where 530 00:28:27,750 --> 00:28:29,980 it's much more about the equipment 531 00:28:29,980 --> 00:28:32,240 and very heavy and impressive equipment 532 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:35,700 like gantry cranes to use to load and unload the ships. 533 00:28:36,630 --> 00:28:40,040 And driving those is closer to being something 534 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:41,830 like a gamer really. 535 00:28:41,830 --> 00:28:44,830 It requires people who've got good hand-eye coordination 536 00:28:44,830 --> 00:28:47,890 and can manipulate fire screen. 537 00:28:48,850 --> 00:28:51,560 So it's a hugely different kind of person that's needed 538 00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:54,260 to work in ports these days, compared to the old days. 539 00:29:10,330 --> 00:29:11,820 Two port based roles that haven't changed 540 00:29:11,820 --> 00:29:13,680 very much over the years 541 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,710 are those of the tugboat captain and local maritime pilot. 542 00:29:19,710 --> 00:29:22,640 The timeout is a flooding battering rain. 543 00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:24,100 If you didn't have tuck coats, 544 00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:25,160 the port would basically ground to a halt. 545 00:29:27,050 --> 00:29:30,420 An oil tanker that might spend 14 days at sea crossing 546 00:29:30,420 --> 00:29:33,040 an ocean needs to be good at going in straight lines 547 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:35,240 and when it gets to port, you can use a tug. 548 00:29:38,530 --> 00:29:42,010 Tug boats struggles to maneuver ships into port 549 00:29:42,010 --> 00:29:44,350 at the request of the pilot. 550 00:29:44,350 --> 00:29:47,070 The pilot he tells the tug boat where he wants him. 551 00:29:47,070 --> 00:29:50,480 And he does that on the basis of the tugs ability. 552 00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:54,480 The service local maritime pilots provide 553 00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:56,590 is a little like valet parking, 554 00:29:56,590 --> 00:29:58,940 only a great deal slower. 555 00:29:58,940 --> 00:30:01,300 The biggest ships in today's commercial fleet 556 00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:03,200 can take several hours to berth 557 00:30:05,090 --> 00:30:09,320 Ships were assisted with bow thrusters and stern thrusters 558 00:30:09,320 --> 00:30:12,460 thrusters that can create a force laterally sideways 559 00:30:12,460 --> 00:30:15,520 to the ship to help it move on and off of a berth. 560 00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:18,280 But international law requires the assistance of tax. 561 00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:20,930 That's really from a safety point of view. 562 00:30:20,930 --> 00:30:23,610 As many as four tugs may be required 563 00:30:23,610 --> 00:30:25,920 to help bring a big ship alongside a key. 564 00:30:31,690 --> 00:30:33,080 The number of soft boat 565 00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:34,100 and the size of the top boat 566 00:30:34,100 --> 00:30:36,400 is determined by the features of the port. 567 00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:39,350 Should have a port with a narrow navigation channel 568 00:30:39,350 --> 00:30:41,040 or a strong current 569 00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:43,920 and in both cases you would probably need both more powerful 570 00:30:43,920 --> 00:30:45,480 and in general, more top-ups 571 00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:47,080 to navigate those circumstances. 572 00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:50,310 Typically tags today, 573 00:30:50,310 --> 00:30:53,810 you've got about 60 to 80 ton of bullet pool. 574 00:30:53,810 --> 00:30:55,520 That's a lot of push and pull, 575 00:30:56,950 --> 00:31:00,010 but all the tugs that are built now are all Z-pellers 576 00:31:00,010 --> 00:31:01,670 as many times. 577 00:31:01,670 --> 00:31:03,980 A Z-Peller enables a tugboat 578 00:31:03,980 --> 00:31:06,310 to turn on the spot without using a radar. 579 00:31:06,310 --> 00:31:09,170 It allows the vessel to change direction and position 580 00:31:09,170 --> 00:31:10,300 with precision. 581 00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:12,400 Stopping quickly with minimal disruption, 582 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:14,900 to the propeller efficiency. 583 00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:17,410 They improve the maneuverability and performance 584 00:31:17,410 --> 00:31:18,840 of a tugboat. 585 00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:21,330 A fitting match for their highly skilled crew. 586 00:31:26,460 --> 00:31:28,520 While several ports are experimenting 587 00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:30,200 with advanced docking technologies, 588 00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:33,030 such as magnetic or mechanical systems, 589 00:31:33,030 --> 00:31:35,790 most still rely on old fashioned ropes 590 00:31:35,790 --> 00:31:38,570 to facilitate mooring. 591 00:31:38,570 --> 00:31:40,310 Their advantages is obvious, 592 00:31:40,310 --> 00:31:42,550 as soon as tides and currents shift, 593 00:31:42,550 --> 00:31:44,320 they can flex and stretch 594 00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:46,170 with the mood of the sea. 595 00:31:46,170 --> 00:31:49,750 And of course the changing draft of a ship as it is loaded 596 00:31:49,750 --> 00:31:51,630 or discharged of his cargo. 597 00:31:55,530 --> 00:31:57,810 The heaviest container ships need as many 598 00:31:57,810 --> 00:32:00,720 as a dozen mooring lines tied to bullets on the dock. 599 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:04,800 Their attention is controlled by computers or deckhands, 600 00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:07,770 depending on the level of automation present on the ship. 601 00:32:08,720 --> 00:32:11,770 Almost as soon as a container ship berths, 602 00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:13,680 dock workers swing into action. 603 00:32:15,450 --> 00:32:16,760 You have your dock workers, 604 00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:20,950 and then you have your sort of probably operational managers 605 00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:22,960 and the operational managers will be overseeing 606 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:24,210 what the dock workers do. 607 00:32:25,070 --> 00:32:27,540 Key crane operators are highly trained 608 00:32:27,540 --> 00:32:30,760 as are rail mounted gantry cranes, 609 00:32:30,760 --> 00:32:33,050 where that the cranes that you see on key. 610 00:32:33,050 --> 00:32:36,410 So you have to be a highly trained and highly skilled 611 00:32:36,410 --> 00:32:39,110 to be able to use one of those efficiently and safely. 612 00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:42,690 With all the heavy lifting borne 613 00:32:42,690 --> 00:32:44,840 by giant mechanical arms, 614 00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:48,450 fewer stevedores are required to work the ships. 615 00:32:48,450 --> 00:32:50,150 Because it's about mechanization. 616 00:32:50,150 --> 00:32:52,510 It's about automation in some places. 617 00:32:52,510 --> 00:32:53,960 So it's a completely different, 618 00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:56,530 more capital intensive industry compared 619 00:32:56,530 --> 00:32:59,400 to the old labor intensive industry that it used to be. 620 00:33:00,610 --> 00:33:04,160 One of the more complex dockside jobs involves 621 00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:07,130 the actual stacking of containers for export. 622 00:33:07,130 --> 00:33:09,750 It's a very complicated logistical parcel 623 00:33:09,750 --> 00:33:13,560 that's taken care of by what we call storage planners. 624 00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:16,460 So very experienced people that actually decide 625 00:33:16,460 --> 00:33:20,360 container by container, where it is placed on board the ship 626 00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:21,910 to make sure that it is accessible 627 00:33:21,910 --> 00:33:23,270 at the right point in time. 628 00:33:23,270 --> 00:33:25,770 This is extremely important 629 00:33:25,770 --> 00:33:28,060 for the last thing anyone wants to discover 630 00:33:28,060 --> 00:33:30,450 down the track when they're unloading boxes 631 00:33:30,450 --> 00:33:32,340 for transshipment is the containers. 632 00:33:32,340 --> 00:33:36,210 their port requires languishing at the bottom of a stack. 633 00:33:36,210 --> 00:33:39,300 We have software to help these stores planners 634 00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:43,430 with this very complicated logistical puzzle making sure 635 00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:47,260 that we plan the ship as efficiently as possible. 636 00:33:47,260 --> 00:33:51,100 Minimizing the number of times the individual container 637 00:33:51,100 --> 00:33:53,410 is moved during the voyage. 638 00:33:53,410 --> 00:33:55,440 You cannot plan your way completely out of it, 639 00:33:55,440 --> 00:33:57,220 but you need to minimize it. 640 00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:02,030 A combination of software and very experienced people 641 00:34:02,030 --> 00:34:03,070 do just that. 642 00:34:03,070 --> 00:34:05,370 pre-computers planners must've felt 643 00:34:05,370 --> 00:34:08,000 like they were confronting a giant game of Jenga 644 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:11,670 with the odds against them, just as precariously stacked 645 00:34:11,670 --> 00:34:13,040 as the actual boxes. 646 00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:14,440 Because the actual storage 647 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:16,450 just worked out by master mariners 648 00:34:16,450 --> 00:34:18,650 who knew about the trim, 649 00:34:18,650 --> 00:34:21,890 which is the forward and after movement 650 00:34:21,890 --> 00:34:24,560 and the listing from side to side. 651 00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:27,190 So all that had to be calculated 652 00:34:27,190 --> 00:34:29,000 so that the 653 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:30,700 cargo would be stored safely. 654 00:34:30,700 --> 00:34:32,560 There was less complexity around 655 00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:34,820 the stacking of imported containers, 656 00:34:34,820 --> 00:34:37,350 but just as many challenges. 657 00:34:37,350 --> 00:34:40,600 In the early days, there were a lot of setbacks. 658 00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:42,050 There were mechanical problems, 659 00:34:42,050 --> 00:34:44,680 the cranes would break down sometimes 660 00:34:44,680 --> 00:34:47,030 and other industrial disputes, 661 00:34:47,030 --> 00:34:50,820 which was inevitable at the beginning of a new industry. 662 00:34:56,890 --> 00:35:01,240 As dock operations continued to modernize, 663 00:35:01,240 --> 00:35:03,610 the time ships needed to spend in port 664 00:35:03,610 --> 00:35:05,820 was drastically reduced. 665 00:35:05,820 --> 00:35:07,360 A fact that pleased the owners 666 00:35:07,360 --> 00:35:09,120 and managers of the shipping lines, 667 00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:12,980 but few of the old seafarers who worked for them. 668 00:35:12,980 --> 00:35:16,450 Instead of being in port for a couple of weeks 669 00:35:16,450 --> 00:35:17,950 and getting up to all sorts of mischief, 670 00:35:17,950 --> 00:35:20,650 you were only in port for a very short period. 671 00:35:20,650 --> 00:35:23,420 So you can get up to much mischief. 672 00:35:23,420 --> 00:35:27,450 You can get to do anything, it's just work, work, work, 673 00:35:27,450 --> 00:35:30,180 so as I (mumbles) awake and to get nighttime in port. 674 00:35:30,180 --> 00:35:33,870 And the port said, you do go to a hideously expensive. 675 00:35:33,870 --> 00:35:35,030 You know. 676 00:35:35,030 --> 00:35:37,550 So it's totally changed. 677 00:35:37,550 --> 00:35:38,960 Totally changed. 678 00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:42,430 As container ships grew larger, 679 00:35:42,430 --> 00:35:44,560 the ports they service expanded, 680 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:47,990 forcing dockside technologies to evolve. 681 00:35:47,990 --> 00:35:50,360 This invariably included the upgrading 682 00:35:50,360 --> 00:35:53,050 and upscaling of cranes. 683 00:35:58,720 --> 00:36:01,080 Ships are not getting that much longer, 684 00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,280 but they are getting bigger to carry 685 00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:05,450 the additional capacity. 686 00:36:05,450 --> 00:36:08,690 So boats have to build cranes that have 687 00:36:08,690 --> 00:36:11,640 there that are physically much bigger. 688 00:36:11,640 --> 00:36:14,510 And I've certainly grown a great deal in size 689 00:36:14,510 --> 00:36:16,470 because the ships are growing a great deal in size. 690 00:36:16,470 --> 00:36:18,000 And for some of them are a lot wider 691 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:21,040 than the early ones of 1969. 692 00:36:22,250 --> 00:36:24,850 But in principle, I think it must be the same. 693 00:36:26,590 --> 00:36:28,410 In 1969, 694 00:36:28,410 --> 00:36:30,870 a yellow painted gantry crane constructed 695 00:36:30,870 --> 00:36:33,520 to service a ship building operation 696 00:36:33,520 --> 00:36:36,220 in Belfast Northern Ireland 697 00:36:36,220 --> 00:36:37,560 was so huge. 698 00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:39,820 It was nicknamed Goliath. 699 00:36:39,820 --> 00:36:43,060 Five years later, Samson appeared on the skyline 700 00:36:46,230 --> 00:36:50,170 standing 96 in 106 meters tall, 701 00:36:50,170 --> 00:36:53,560 they became true icons of the working class city. 702 00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,330 Both were designed by Krupp (mumbles) 703 00:36:58,330 --> 00:37:00,390 a renowned German engineering firm. 704 00:37:01,650 --> 00:37:04,530 But Goliath was constructed on site by the owners 705 00:37:04,530 --> 00:37:06,900 of the shipyard, Harland and Wolff. 706 00:37:09,240 --> 00:37:12,970 Each crane has a span of 140 meters 707 00:37:12,970 --> 00:37:16,760 and can safely lift 840 tons, 708 00:37:16,760 --> 00:37:19,750 five times the weight of a house. 709 00:37:19,750 --> 00:37:22,380 Goliath and Samson, were two of the biggest cranes 710 00:37:22,380 --> 00:37:24,900 and service for decades, 711 00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:28,400 but even they were eventually usurped. 712 00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:31,970 The largest are now manufactured and assembled in China, 713 00:37:31,970 --> 00:37:35,470 then shipped in one gigantic piece. 714 00:37:38,240 --> 00:37:41,330 ZPMC offers a full service of building the cranes 715 00:37:41,330 --> 00:37:44,650 and delivering them to your port on their own ships, 716 00:37:47,070 --> 00:37:48,660 They are fully constructed. 717 00:37:48,660 --> 00:37:52,080 They are rolled slowly onto the ship and the ship sails 718 00:37:52,080 --> 00:37:56,180 to wherever the port is that is buying the cranes. 719 00:37:56,180 --> 00:37:59,600 In recent years, ZPMC has risen 720 00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:01,120 to become the largest supplier 721 00:38:01,120 --> 00:38:03,700 of container handling cranes in the world 722 00:38:03,700 --> 00:38:06,260 with a market share in excess of 50%. 723 00:38:06,260 --> 00:38:07,960 If you can say any concern 724 00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:09,330 that's somewhere in the world, 725 00:38:09,330 --> 00:38:13,490 they have a big long boom, which goes out across the ship. 726 00:38:13,490 --> 00:38:18,060 And the gantry travels out along the length of the boom 727 00:38:18,060 --> 00:38:20,990 to wherever it's got to get to on the ship. 728 00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:26,310 Some of the most impressive of ZPMCS ship to shore cranes 729 00:38:26,310 --> 00:38:29,170 weighing in at 2000 tons of piece 730 00:38:29,170 --> 00:38:32,440 grace the docks of DP world's London Gateway. 731 00:38:32,440 --> 00:38:36,130 London Gateway is a new container terminal river Thames 732 00:38:36,130 --> 00:38:38,430 opened about five years ago. 733 00:38:38,430 --> 00:38:41,900 The first major new container terminal facility 734 00:38:41,900 --> 00:38:44,070 in the UK for about 30 years. 735 00:38:44,070 --> 00:38:46,850 And it's obviously very new 736 00:38:46,850 --> 00:38:48,730 in terms of its technology as well. 737 00:38:51,100 --> 00:38:53,180 The gateways key cranes 738 00:38:53,180 --> 00:38:54,580 are massive 739 00:38:54,580 --> 00:38:57,120 towering like McConnell giants, 740 00:38:57,120 --> 00:39:00,110 some 130 meters above the workplace. 741 00:39:00,110 --> 00:39:02,910 And they're future-proofed arms can extend 742 00:39:02,910 --> 00:39:05,100 beyond the width of the largest container ships 743 00:39:05,100 --> 00:39:07,080 in the world's merchant fleet today. 744 00:39:08,810 --> 00:39:10,670 Semi-automated, 745 00:39:10,670 --> 00:39:13,790 they are among the most advanced gantry cranes 746 00:39:13,790 --> 00:39:14,760 in the industry. 747 00:39:19,790 --> 00:39:22,130 There's also a lot more technology in them 748 00:39:22,130 --> 00:39:24,010 in terms of helping the driver 749 00:39:24,010 --> 00:39:26,190 to operate those cranes, 750 00:39:27,610 --> 00:39:29,120 to latch onto the containers, 751 00:39:29,120 --> 00:39:32,070 to move them swiftly on and off 752 00:39:32,070 --> 00:39:34,570 there is a lot of IT support in that. 753 00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:37,760 So much so that now in a number 754 00:39:37,760 --> 00:39:40,130 of new container terminals around the world, 755 00:39:40,130 --> 00:39:42,910 the crane driver is not coming to the crane anymore. 756 00:39:42,910 --> 00:39:46,120 He's sitting in an office, maybe at one kilometer away, 757 00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:48,510 driving the crane from a bank of screens. 758 00:39:54,090 --> 00:39:57,980 They're integrated with a terminal operating system 759 00:39:57,980 --> 00:40:00,840 that keeps track of the boxes throughout the terminal. 760 00:40:03,140 --> 00:40:06,790 So it's a far more sophisticated to process overall. 761 00:40:14,370 --> 00:40:16,430 To speed up the loading or unloading 762 00:40:16,430 --> 00:40:17,680 of any given ship 763 00:40:19,160 --> 00:40:22,490 port authority simply add more cranes into the mix. 764 00:40:25,300 --> 00:40:27,590 Typically operators and we owning 765 00:40:27,590 --> 00:40:29,150 to do something like 25 766 00:40:29,150 --> 00:40:31,650 to 30 moves per crane per hour. 767 00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:36,080 If you multiply that through five or six cranes, 768 00:40:36,080 --> 00:40:39,460 you're looking at something like 150 moves per hour 769 00:40:39,460 --> 00:40:41,870 across the ship to get the kind of turnaround 770 00:40:41,870 --> 00:40:43,350 that is expected. 771 00:40:45,750 --> 00:40:48,670 Five or six cranes is about the optimum. 772 00:40:48,670 --> 00:40:51,170 If you go too far beyond that, 773 00:40:51,170 --> 00:40:53,430 you start to encounter congestion problems on the key, 774 00:40:53,430 --> 00:40:57,120 because you have so many cranes working and dropping boxes 775 00:40:57,120 --> 00:41:00,360 onto the key that getting those boxes away from the cranes 776 00:41:00,360 --> 00:41:02,970 to the yard becomes a real congestion issue. 777 00:41:06,780 --> 00:41:07,960 The gantry cranes 778 00:41:07,960 --> 00:41:12,240 at the London Gateway lift containers from ship to shore. 779 00:41:12,240 --> 00:41:14,540 Once they've been placed on the key, 780 00:41:14,540 --> 00:41:17,200 they're moved out of the way by Straddle Carriers, 781 00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:19,050 armed with hydraulic lifts. 782 00:41:19,970 --> 00:41:23,300 From their automatic yard cranes rigged 783 00:41:23,300 --> 00:41:26,930 with 3D laser scanners stack the boxes ready 784 00:41:26,930 --> 00:41:28,940 for road transportation. 785 00:41:28,940 --> 00:41:31,460 At the yard operation is entirely automated 786 00:41:31,460 --> 00:41:32,800 no human involvement. 787 00:41:34,380 --> 00:41:35,840 The jury is still out, 788 00:41:35,840 --> 00:41:39,050 whether some of these driverless cranes aren't actually 789 00:41:39,050 --> 00:41:42,920 going to be better than crane reserve as a driver on it. 790 00:41:42,920 --> 00:41:44,580 The advantage of it is because 791 00:41:44,580 --> 00:41:47,360 there's no driver in there they can go faster 792 00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:51,020 24/7 no lunch breaks 793 00:41:51,020 --> 00:41:53,560 or smokos or a whole lot of things like that. 794 00:41:57,260 --> 00:42:01,220 In terms of infrastructure and cutting edge technology, 795 00:42:01,220 --> 00:42:03,840 the London Gateway is incredibly impressive. 796 00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:07,940 But it isn't the largest Seaport in Europe by a long shot 797 00:42:10,340 --> 00:42:12,710 That honor belongs to Rotterdam. 798 00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:24,250 Rotterdam is a port in the Netherlands. 799 00:42:24,250 --> 00:42:27,240 It's what we call a European main port, 800 00:42:27,240 --> 00:42:30,360 so it's handling the largest container ships 801 00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:31,930 in the global fleet. 802 00:42:31,930 --> 00:42:35,580 And it's predominantly handling vessels coming in from Asia. 803 00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:42,350 From 1962 until 2004, 804 00:42:42,350 --> 00:42:45,030 Rotterdam was the busiest port in the world 805 00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:47,640 is still ranks a respectable 12th. 806 00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:49,130 In 2018, 807 00:42:49,130 --> 00:42:51,160 it handled 808 00:42:51,160 --> 00:42:52,600 14.4 million 809 00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:53,430 TEU 810 00:42:57,190 --> 00:43:00,790 Stretching over 40 kilometers, 811 00:43:00,790 --> 00:43:04,760 Rotterdam has five ports and three distribution parks 812 00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:09,640 sprawling over an area that's 105 kilometers square. 813 00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:12,020 The number of consumers in his hinterland 814 00:43:12,020 --> 00:43:14,290 is in excess of 40 million. 815 00:43:15,130 --> 00:43:16,580 Rotterdam is such a big hub 816 00:43:16,580 --> 00:43:19,640 the mainline ships come in cargoes discharged, 817 00:43:19,640 --> 00:43:21,500 and then often it's put onto feeders 818 00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:22,980 to go elsewhere in Europe. 819 00:43:22,980 --> 00:43:26,630 So someone like Rotterdam can be handling cargo 820 00:43:26,630 --> 00:43:29,210 that is final destination will be in Scandinavia 821 00:43:29,210 --> 00:43:30,720 and the Baltics, 822 00:43:30,720 --> 00:43:32,360 maybe in the UK, 823 00:43:33,230 --> 00:43:36,900 and then also moving England via road and rail 824 00:43:36,900 --> 00:43:39,700 down into other central European countries. 825 00:43:44,650 --> 00:43:47,160 Several seawood extensions to the port 826 00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:49,210 have been made over the years. 827 00:43:49,210 --> 00:43:52,210 With new docks in harbor basins added 828 00:43:52,210 --> 00:43:54,410 to facilitate the growth of trade. 829 00:43:57,180 --> 00:44:00,700 They had to reclaim the land from the sea 830 00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:02,050 so they will have dredged 831 00:44:02,050 --> 00:44:04,600 and then they will have reclaimed the land 832 00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:07,400 by building up piles on the seabed 833 00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:09,430 and then paving over it to create the key 834 00:44:09,430 --> 00:44:11,980 and then to create the terminal behind it. 835 00:44:14,670 --> 00:44:16,920 The latest development 836 00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:18,550 in Rotterdam's burgeoning port 837 00:44:18,550 --> 00:44:20,160 is Maasvlakte 2. 838 00:44:20,160 --> 00:44:23,410 Maasvlakte 2 was the huge 839 00:44:23,410 --> 00:44:25,070 investment that the port Rotterdam made 840 00:44:25,070 --> 00:44:26,950 into expanding its capacity. 841 00:44:26,950 --> 00:44:30,420 It includes 2000 hectares of reclaimed land 842 00:44:30,420 --> 00:44:33,800 with space, a wind farm, and a gas power plant 843 00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:37,380 to contain a terminals and additional facilities 844 00:44:37,380 --> 00:44:39,220 for bulk cargo carriers. 845 00:44:41,230 --> 00:44:44,070 I think the project is about 3 million Euro, 846 00:44:44,070 --> 00:44:46,690 so it's only a substantial amount of money. 847 00:44:47,980 --> 00:44:49,900 They needed the capacity. 848 00:44:49,900 --> 00:44:53,830 However, it's probably not been as successful 849 00:44:53,830 --> 00:44:55,560 as they probably hoped. 850 00:45:02,850 --> 00:45:05,520 When it comes to thriving economies 851 00:45:05,520 --> 00:45:07,960 and truly gargantuan ports. 852 00:45:09,050 --> 00:45:11,270 There's just no stopping the red dragon. 853 00:45:12,140 --> 00:45:16,030 The fire-breathing industrial behemoth, China. 854 00:45:18,970 --> 00:45:20,770 The whole Chinese port range 855 00:45:20,770 --> 00:45:22,410 has seen tremendous growth 856 00:45:22,410 --> 00:45:24,650 in the last 10 to 12 years. 857 00:45:26,680 --> 00:45:29,580 They really dominate in terms of the volume 858 00:45:29,580 --> 00:45:32,030 of tea users we put at 20 foot equivalent units going 859 00:45:32,030 --> 00:45:34,380 in and out of these ports and it really is just 860 00:45:34,380 --> 00:45:38,040 an indicative marker of quite how dominant China has become 861 00:45:38,040 --> 00:45:40,130 in terms of globalized seaborne trade. 862 00:45:44,780 --> 00:45:46,270 China's meteoric rise, 863 00:45:46,270 --> 00:45:47,730 superseded the U.S. 864 00:45:47,730 --> 00:45:52,430 as the world's largest trading nation in 2012. 865 00:45:52,430 --> 00:45:54,590 They own the largest number of vessels 866 00:45:54,590 --> 00:45:56,300 in the global merchant fleet. 867 00:45:56,300 --> 00:45:57,910 And their seaborne trade 868 00:45:57,910 --> 00:46:02,130 is now worth around $4 trillion per year. 869 00:46:02,130 --> 00:46:05,310 The busiest port in the world at the moment is Shanghai, 870 00:46:07,430 --> 00:46:10,590 It's risen up the rankings quite considerably. 871 00:46:10,590 --> 00:46:14,290 It's a whole development has been rapid and it has been fast 872 00:46:14,290 --> 00:46:18,260 and it has been compounded by the boom in Chinese exports. 873 00:46:22,150 --> 00:46:25,060 In 2018, it handled 42 million TEU. 874 00:46:27,960 --> 00:46:31,730 Shanghai is literally China's flagship. 875 00:46:31,730 --> 00:46:33,960 The head of the dragon former leader 876 00:46:33,960 --> 00:46:35,880 Xi Jin Ping envisaged. 877 00:46:35,880 --> 00:46:38,840 When he set China's commercial revolution in motion. 878 00:46:40,780 --> 00:46:44,700 The port is barely recognizable from the 1990s, 879 00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:47,740 let alone the days when it was used as a treaty port. 880 00:46:49,760 --> 00:46:52,230 Established by the British in 1842, 881 00:46:52,230 --> 00:46:54,850 after the first Opium War 882 00:46:54,850 --> 00:46:56,710 an armed conflict that arose 883 00:46:56,710 --> 00:46:59,450 when China tried to suppress the importation 884 00:46:59,450 --> 00:47:01,750 of the drug by foreign traders. 885 00:47:01,750 --> 00:47:04,400 It's rapid expansion in recent years 886 00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:07,890 is largely due to the $18 billion construction 887 00:47:07,890 --> 00:47:09,330 of Yangshan, 888 00:47:09,330 --> 00:47:11,720 the biggest deep water port in the world, 889 00:47:11,720 --> 00:47:14,130 which opened in 2005. 890 00:47:15,490 --> 00:47:18,040 It's 30 kilometers into the ocean essentially 891 00:47:18,950 --> 00:47:20,880 sitting in a group of islands 892 00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:23,080 because if they wanted the biggest deep water port 893 00:47:23,080 --> 00:47:26,270 and the old port of Shanghai is not a deep water port. 894 00:47:31,770 --> 00:47:34,710 The Terminal is also the world's largest 895 00:47:34,710 --> 00:47:35,970 in terms of automation, 896 00:47:37,270 --> 00:47:39,810 increasing the port's handling efficiency 897 00:47:39,810 --> 00:47:42,870 while significantly reducing its carbon footprint. 898 00:47:45,170 --> 00:47:46,740 Needless to say, 899 00:47:46,740 --> 00:47:50,940 the machinery it uses is all manufactured in China. 900 00:47:50,940 --> 00:47:52,990 That degree of specialization, 901 00:47:52,990 --> 00:47:55,210 you wouldn't find easily elsewhere. 902 00:47:55,210 --> 00:47:59,710 So they're supplying worldwide port infrastructure. 903 00:47:59,710 --> 00:48:02,120 The Yangshan deep water port connects 904 00:48:02,120 --> 00:48:04,200 to the mainland by the bridge of Donghai 905 00:48:05,200 --> 00:48:08,260 also completed in 2005. 906 00:48:08,260 --> 00:48:10,780 One of the longest cross sea bridges in the world. 907 00:48:11,680 --> 00:48:14,310 It's an engineering miracle to put 908 00:48:14,310 --> 00:48:16,890 a bridge through 30 kilometers of sea. 909 00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:26,760 The total area of the three major working zones 910 00:48:26,760 --> 00:48:29,380 that now comprise the port of Shanghai 911 00:48:29,380 --> 00:48:33,280 is marginally less than that of America's Grand Canyon, 912 00:48:33,280 --> 00:48:36,010 just shy of 3,620 913 00:48:36,010 --> 00:48:38,770 square kilometers. 914 00:48:38,770 --> 00:48:43,250 And it harbors the world's fastest growing economy. 915 00:48:47,380 --> 00:48:49,430 If China remains strong 916 00:48:49,430 --> 00:48:51,750 then the Chinese ports remain strong. 917 00:48:51,750 --> 00:48:55,080 If China sees some flux, 918 00:48:55,080 --> 00:48:56,810 then the Chinese ports will see flux 919 00:48:56,810 --> 00:48:58,530 and it's directly related. 920 00:49:01,160 --> 00:49:03,480 If the likes of Vietnam and Indonesia 921 00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:06,580 and other Southeast Asian countries invest in infrastructure 922 00:49:06,580 --> 00:49:09,860 in terms of production, then they may well take some share. 923 00:49:10,770 --> 00:49:13,880 The success of all ports 924 00:49:13,880 --> 00:49:15,340 even the mega ones 925 00:49:15,340 --> 00:49:18,600 is inextricably linked to the economy. 926 00:49:18,600 --> 00:49:22,630 So upturns and downturns in productivity 927 00:49:22,630 --> 00:49:25,640 are as inevitable as shifts in the tide. 928 00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:31,230 It is neither love nor money that makes the world go round. 929 00:49:33,670 --> 00:49:36,000 Rather the business of trade 930 00:49:38,260 --> 00:49:40,040 facilitated by an industry 931 00:49:40,040 --> 00:49:44,370 that has become so essential to all of our lives. 932 00:49:45,870 --> 00:49:50,780 It can no longer slip under the radar. 933 00:49:52,330 --> 00:49:54,920 (upbeat music)